Generally refers to the region occupied by Assyria and Babylon.
Judges 3:8The Lord's anger burned against Israel, and he sold them into the hands of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia, so the Israelites served Cushan-Rishathaim for eight years.Judges 3:9But when the Israelites cried out to the Lord, he raised up for them a deliverer, Othniel son of Kenaz), Caleb's) younger brother, who saved them.Judges 3:10The Spirit of the Lord came on him, so that he became Israel's judge and went to war. The Lord gave Cushan-Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into Othniel's hands, and Othniel overpowered Cushan-Rishathaim.
Acts 2:9Parthians, Medes and Elamites; residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia,
Acts 7:2Then Stephen said: "Brothers and fathers, listen to me! The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham while he was still in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Harran).